英語語法動詞語態(tài)具體詳細(xì)解說

　　一、主動語態(tài)

　　主語是謂語動作的使動方。也就是說謂語的動作源自主語，而施加于賓語。相反，被動語態(tài)中，主語是謂語動作的受動方，如果有賓語的，賓語往往是謂語動作的使動方。 在語法機(jī)構(gòu)上，主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別主要在于，主動語態(tài)直接使用動詞原形作為謂語，然后再在該動詞原形的基礎(chǔ)上施加時態(tài)和其他語法；而被動語態(tài)則使用系詞+動詞的過去分詞作為謂語，各種時態(tài)和其他語法也施加在系詞上。

　　二、被動語態(tài)

　　英語中的被動語態(tài)使用得比漢語要多，要普遍，許多課本及考試乃至實(shí)際應(yīng)用中都常常涉及到這個問題。一般說來，當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動作承受者，不必說出執(zhí)行者或含糊不清的執(zhí)行者時，多用被動式。須注意的是，許多地方與漢語不同。注意那些漢語中沒有"被……"的意思，英語卻應(yīng)該用被動態(tài)。還要注意，英語的被動態(tài)往往由"by"引出，而有用介詞"by"的短語往往又不是被動態(tài)，而是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。還有些特殊現(xiàn)象，如：known to man(人類......所知)，on foot步行(美國人有時用by foot)，in carraige(乘四輪馬車)等等。

　　還有假主動，真被動的十幾個常用詞的用法，以及so heavy to carry而不用so heavy to be carried 等習(xí)慣用法。有關(guān)這類情況，做到心中有數(shù)對全面掌握被動態(tài)，en211 準(zhǔn)確解答習(xí)題非常關(guān)鍵，被動態(tài)必須涉及的是動詞的各種時態(tài)變化的問題。英語的時態(tài)本來很復(fù)雜，怎樣記住各自的被動形式呢? 首先要明確"將來進(jìn)行無被動，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行同"。這兩種時態(tài)無被動形式。

　　另外，不及物動詞帶有同源賓語的動詞，反身代詞的動詞和系動詞都無被動形式。即便如此，還有不定式，動名詞，分詞，以及它們的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))的被動態(tài)，再加上情態(tài)動詞，助動詞以及它們的疑問式和否定式從中摻雜，真是令人頭痛，眼花繚亂。下面口訣就以動詞do為例，即do did過去式done過去分詞，以口訣形式總結(jié)各種時態(tài)的被動態(tài)，一定對你有所啟示。 被動語態(tài)的句子通常是以Be-Passive(即"be+過去分詞")的形式來表達(dá)，但也可以Get-Passive(即"get+過去分詞")的形式來表達(dá)，例如：He got punished today. Get-Passive是一種新興的被動語態(tài)形式；相對來說它的使用還沒有Be-Passive那么廣泛，一般限于口語和非正式書面語；但它卻有著用得愈來愈多的趨勢，是一種生氣蓬勃的語言現(xiàn)象。 如果要特別強(qiáng)調(diào)動作或行為的執(zhí)行者時，句子后面需接by～，譯為“被（由）……”。

　　1 被動語態(tài)的句型 肯定句：主語+be +過去分詞+（by～）. 否定句：主語+be not +過去分詞+（by～）. 一般疑問句：Be +主語+過去分詞+（by～）？ 特殊疑問句：疑問詞+be +主語+過去分詞+（by～）？ 被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)是由be的時態(tài)決定的，be是什么時態(tài)，全句就是什么時態(tài)，be動詞后面的過去分詞不變。

　　一、 被動語態(tài)的`用法：

　　一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：is / am / are + 及物動詞的過去分詞 Our classroom is cleaned everyday. I am asked to study hard. Knives are used for cutting things.

　　2. 一般過去時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：was / were + 及物動詞的過去分詞 A new shop was built last year. Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.

　　3. 一般將來時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：will+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞 A new hospital will be built in our city. Many more trees will be planted next year.

　　4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：am / is / are + being + 及物動詞的過去分詞 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tom now. They are planting trees over there. → Trees are being planted over there by them.

　　5. 現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：has / have + been + 及物動詞的過去分詞 This book has been translated into many languages. Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.

　　6.過去進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：was/were + being + 及物動詞的過去分詞 The boy was being operated on when his parents hurried to the hospital. The new road was being made.

　　7.過去完成時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：had + been + 及物動詞的過去分詞 The classroom hadn’t been cleaned before the teacher came. The tickets had been sold out berore I came to the cinema.

　　8.將來完成時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：shall/will + have done They will have been married for 20 years by then. The project will have been completed before May.

　　9.含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動詞+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞 Young trees must be watered often. Your mistakes should be corrected right now. The door may be locked inside. Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.

　　二、 怎樣把主動語態(tài)改成被動語態(tài)?

　　把主動語態(tài)改為被動語態(tài)非常簡單，可以遵循以下幾個步驟：

　　1. 先找出謂語動詞；

　　2. 再找出謂語動詞后的賓語；

　　3. 把賓語用作被動語態(tài)中的主語；

　　4. 注意人稱、時態(tài)和數(shù)的變化。 例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week. 2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning. 3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far. 4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now. 6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave.

　　三、 使用被動語態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾個問題：

　　1. 不及物動詞無被動語態(tài)。 What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.

　　2. 有些動詞用主動形式表示被動意義。 This pen writes well. This new book sells well.

　　3. 感官動詞或使役動詞使用省略to的動詞不定式，主動語態(tài)中不帶to ，但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，須加上to 。 例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.

　　4. 如果是接雙賓語的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，直接賓語(物)作主語，那么動詞后要用介詞，這個介詞是由與其搭配的動詞決定。 He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him. My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.

　　5. 一些動詞短語用于被動語態(tài)時，動詞短語應(yīng)當(dāng)看作一個整體，而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。 We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laugh at by us. He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse