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A garden of poems

發(fā)布時間:2016-4-3 編輯:互聯(lián)網(wǎng) 手機(jī)版

A garden of poems(1)

第四單元 詩歌園

【part 1 Background Knowledge 背景知識】

William Shakespeare(1564-1616)威廉莎士比亞

The greatest of all English authors,William Shakespeare belongs to those rare geniuses(天才)of mankind who have become landmarks(里程碑)in the history of world culture.The works of William Shakespeare are a great land mark in the history of world literature(文學(xué)),for he was one of the first founders of realism,a masterhead at realistic portrayal(描述)of human characters and relations.

No wonder that Shakespeare’s works were so deeply loved by the greatest minds of mankind,and among them by Karl Marx,who regarded Aeschylus(古希臘悲劇詩人愛斯庫勒斯)and Shakespeare as “the two greatest dramatic geniuses the world has ever known(世界上迄今為止的兩個最偉大的天才戲劇家)”.

Works of Shakespeare 莎士比亞著名作品

歷史。

Herry Ⅵ《亨利六世》(上、中、下)

Richard Ⅲ《理查三世》

Richard Ⅳ《理查四世》(上、下)

喜。

A Midsummer Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之夢》

The merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》

Twelfth Night《第十二夜》

悲。

Romeo and Juliet《羅密歐與朱麗葉》

Hamlet《哈姆雷特》

Othello《奧賽羅》

King Lear《李爾王》

Macbeth《麥克白》

傳奇劇:

Cymbeline《辛白林》

The Tempest《暴風(fēng)雨》

【Part 2 Key Language Points 重點難點】

1.board aeroplanes登上飛機(jī)

▲board此處作及物動詞用,意為“登/乘上汽車/火車/輪船/飛機(jī)等交通工具。如:

(1)Please board the plane immediately.

請立即登機(jī)。

(2)The Smiths boarded on the train at 3:00.I saw them off at the station.

史密斯一家三點鐘上了火車,我為他們到火車站送行。

(3)The passengers boarded the aeroplane at noon.

乘客中午登上飛機(jī)。

(4)We’d better board the ship now.

我們最好現(xiàn)在上船。

▲board也可以作不及物動詞用。如:

(5)Flight N654 for Kathmandu is now boarding at Gate 16.

去加德滿都的N654航班在16號門登機(jī)。

(6)These are passengers waiting to board.

這些是等待登機(jī)的旅客。

▲board也可以作名詞用,多用在on board這個短語中,表示“登上”。如:

(7)He ran until he was on board a city bus.

他一路跑,直到他坐上一輛公共汽車。

(8)There were about eighty passengers on board the aeroplane.

飛機(jī)上一共有約八十名乘客。

(9)Tom pushed his way through the crowd and managed to get on board.

湯姆擠過人群,設(shè)法坐上船。

(10)Go on board the train.

登上火車。

▲board還有“向……提供收費食宿”之意,如:

(11)Mr Brown boarded his son with that family.

布朗先生讓兒子食宿都在那戶人家。

(12)She usually boards students during the college term.

她通常在學(xué)期進(jìn)行期間給大學(xué)生提供收費食宿。

【注】on board后面可以跟表示交通工具的名詞,如例句(7)(8)(10),也可以不跟,如例句(9)。

【注】請注意board與aboard的區(qū)別,后者是副詞,如:They went aboard.他們上了船(火車或飛機(jī))。All aboard!上船(火車或飛機(jī)),也可以作介詞用,如:He was already aboard the plane.他已上飛機(jī)了。

▲board亦可用作不及物動詞,意為“寄食宿”。如:

(13)We have to board elsewhere.

我們得去別處食宿。

(14)I board with the Turners during the week.

在周日我食宿在特納家。

(15)The students board during the week and go home onweekends.

學(xué)生們平時住校周末回家。

2.get through一詞的用法

▲get though此處作“通過,即可作“通過”門、橋、走廊,也可作“通過”考試、結(jié)案、海關(guān)檢查等解釋。如:

(1)You may wonder how such a large animal could get through such a small hole.你可能會奇怪這樣大的動物怎么會通過這樣小的洞。

(2)People began to doubt whether the bill would even get through.

人們開始懷疑這項議案究竟能否通過。

(3)It only took us a few minutes to get through the Customs.

通過海關(guān)檢查只花了我們幾分鐘。

(4)He got through everything except English.

除了英語他全部及格了。

(5)I cannot imagine how they will get through the time.

我不能想象這段時間他們將怎樣度過。

▲get through有“完成”“了結(jié)”之意。如

(6)I didn’t get through studying last night until almost twelve o’clock.

昨晚直到將近十二點我才做完功課。

(7)He said he would go with me as soon as he got through the work.

他說他一完成這項工作就和我一起去。

(8)I haven’t got through the book you brought yesterday yet.

昨天你拿來的那本書我還沒看完。

(9)Before we got through washing,she had told me all about herself.

我們還沒洗完,她已經(jīng)把她的身世全講給我聽了。

▲get through亦可作“到達(dá)”解釋。如:

(10)The train failed to get through in time because of the floods.

火車沒有及時到達(dá)是因為洪水。

(11)If more supplies do not get through,thousands of refugees will die.

如果沒有更多的供應(yīng)品來到的話,就會有成千上萬的災(zāi)民死去。

▲get through還有“打通,接通電話”之意。如:

(12)The operator finally got me through.

接線員最后給我接通了電話。

(13)I tried to telephone you,but I couldn’t get through.

我設(shè)法給你打過電話,但就是打不通。

(14)Several telephone lines were down because of the storm,so we could notgetthrough to Genera.

由于暴風(fēng)雨,有幾條電話線壞了,所以我們不能和日內(nèi)瓦通電話。

【注】上面我們講了get through的幾種常用意思,要注意get through to是“使……明白,理解”的意思。如:

(15)I can’t get through to him that he must have a good rest.

我無法使他明白,他必須好好休息。

(16)I can’t get through to him at all even when I explained things in very simple English.

即使我用非常簡單的英語解釋事物,我也無法使他明白。

3.More than any other form of literature,poetry plays with sounds,words and grammar.

▲本句的語序應(yīng)該是Poetry plays with sounds,words and grammar more than anyother form of literature.言下之意是詩歌對語言、文字、語法的要求比其他的文學(xué)形式要高。play with原意是“玩”“玩弄”,此處可引申為對語言文字語法的運用。請看下列例句。

(1)When I got home,my son was playing with his toy train.

我回家時,我兒子在玩他的玩具火車。

(2)I looked out of the window and saw a little cat playing with its tail.

我向窗外看去,看見一只小貓在玩自己的尾巴。

(3)It’s wrong for a man to play with a woman’s affections.

男人玩弄女人的感情是不對的。

(4)It’s dangerous to play with fire.

玩火是危險的。

▲注意any other的用法,是指在同一范圍內(nèi)除了某人或某物以外的其他人或事物,any other后跟單數(shù)名詞,也可以說any of the other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞。如:

(5)Tom runs faster than any other student(或any of the other students)in his class.

湯姆比他班上的任何人都跑得快。

(6)Shanghai is langer than other city in China.

上海比中國的任何一個城市都大。

【注】但比和被比的人或物不在同一范圍或不屬同一類別,就不用other。如:

(7)Shanghai is larger than any city in India.

上海比印度的任何城市都大。

(8)Painting leaves more impression on people than any form of literature.

繪畫給人們的印象比任何文學(xué)形式都要深。

4.call up的用法

▲call up此處作“召喚”“回憶”“匯集”解釋。如:

(1)Your letter calls up those pleasant days when we worked together.

你的來信使我回想起往日我們共同工作的快樂日子。

(2)The smell of these flowers calls up my years in the country side.

那些花的芳香使我想起在鄉(xiāng)下生活的年代。

(3)The smell of the ink called up happy memories of my school days.

墨水的香味喚起了我對學(xué)生時代的回憶。

(4)This picture calls up scenes of my childhood.

這照片使我想起童年時的情景。

▲call up相當(dāng)于ring up,即“給……打電話”。如:

(5)When he got back to the city he called up the office.

他回到城里時給辦公室打了個電話。

(6)Please call me up at 8:00 this evening.

請在今晚八點給我打電話。

(7)All right.I’ll call up again.

好吧,我回頭再打電話來。

(8)She called up a friend just for a chat.

她給朋友打了個電話,不過聊聊天而已。

▲call up有“征召”“應(yīng)征”之意。如:

(9)When the war broke out,they were at once called up.

戰(zhàn)爭一爆發(fā),他們立即就被征召入伍了。

(10)In most countries,men are called up at the age of 18.

在大多數(shù)的國家,十八歲的男子要應(yīng)征入伍。

▲call up亦可作“叫醒”“喚醒”解釋。如:

(11)Please call me up at 6:00 tomorrow morning.

請在明天早晨六點叫醒我。

(12)The doctor was called up three times during the night to attend urgent cases.

醫(yī)生夜里三次被叫醒去看急癥病人。

5.▲stand out課文中作“突出”“引人注意(目)”解釋。如:

(1)David was tall and stood out in the crowd.

大衛(wèi)長得很高,在人群中顯得很突出。

(2)Red always stands out among other colors.

在各種顏色中,紅色最顯眼。

(3)Elizabeth’s voice really stands out from the rest of the choir.

伊莉莎白的噪音在唱詩班里很突出。

(4)Our classroom building stood out clearly against the blue sky.

藍(lán)天清晰地襯托出我們的教室大樓。

(5)Her talents stand out in comparison with the others.

和其他那些人比起來,她的才能很突出。

▲stand out有“拒不屈服”“堅持(反對或抵抗)”之意,常與介詞for或against連用。如:

(6)I’m standing out against his idea.

我堅決反對他的主張。

(7)The workers are standing out for higher pay and better conditions.

工人們堅持要求提高工資改善勞動條件。

(8)He stood out against all persuasion.

他聽不進(jìn)任何勸告。

▲stand out還可作“出列”“站出來”解釋。如:

(9)The teacher asked the boy to stand out of line so that she could speak to him later.

老師讓那個男孩從隊里站出來以便等會和他談話。

(10)Stand out that man in the back row,the one with the dirty boots!

后排穿臟靴子的那一個,站出來!

6.share既可作及物動詞,也可作不及物動詞,意為“分享”“分擔(dān)”“合用”,常接介詞with,between,among。如:

(1)I have to share the bathroom with the other tenants.

我不得不與其他房客共用浴室。

(2)He will share his last dollar with his friend.

他就是剩下最后一塊錢也會和朋友共用的。

(3)Share the cake equally among all the children.

把蛋糕平均分給孩子們。

(4)The class duties are shared between the teachers.

課堂上的職責(zé)由教師們分擔(dān)。

▲share還有“具有同樣的……”之意,此時share作及物動詞用。如:

(5)She is the only person who shares my ideas.

她是唯一和我想法一致的人。

(6)We share common experience and face common task.

我們有共同的遭遇,面臨共同的問題。

(7)I’m sorry:I can’t share your faith that everything will be all right.

很抱歉,我不贊同你認(rèn)為一切都會很好的信念。

(8)I share your opinion in this matter.

對這件事我和你有同樣的看法。

▲share in意為“共享”“分擔(dān)”。如:

(9)He wished we were there to share in his joy.

他希望我們也在那兒共享他的喜悅。

(10)I shall share (in) the cost with you.

費用我和你分擔(dān)。

(11)Newspapers help us to share in the events of the outside world.

報紙幫助我們了解世界大事。

【注】作為“分享”“分擔(dān)”解釋時,share與share in意義基本相同,但share in不能作“合用”解釋。

▲share out意為“分配”“合用”。如:

(12)The money was shared out between them.

這筆錢由他們兩個人分。

(13)How shall we share out the money that we have collected?

我們收來的錢怎么個分法?

(14)See that these things are shared out fairly.

設(shè)法使這些東西得到公平分配。

7.other than的用法及其他

other than此處意為“除了”“除……之外的其他”。如:

(1)There is nobody here other than me.

這里除了我以外沒有別人。

(2)You can’t get there other than by boat.

你除了乘船沒有別的辦法到那里。

(3)We decided not to stop anywhere other than at his house.

我們決定除了他的房子以外,任何地方都不停留。

(4)Other than mercury all metals are solid.

除水銀外,所有的金屬都是固態(tài)。

【注】上述例句中的other than相當(dāng)于except或but。other than還有“只有”“只能”之意。如:

(5)They couldn’t do this work other than hurriedly.

他們只能匆忙地做這項工作。

【注】請注意other than與rather than的區(qū)別,other than后的內(nèi)容是肯定的,如例句(1),只有我,而沒有別人,例句(2)只有乘船才能到達(dá),別的交通工具不行;而rather than后的內(nèi)容是否定的,請注意下面的例句,仔細(xì)分析other than和rather than的區(qū)別。如:

(6)He is a writer rather than a teacher.

與其說他是老師,不如說他是作家。

(7)He would rather you come tomorrow than today.

他寧愿你昨天來,而不是今天來。

(8)Rather than cause trouble,she left here.

免得引起麻煩,她離開了這里。

(9)This pair of shoes is comfortable rather than pretty.

這雙鞋穿起來舒服,但外觀不漂亮。

(10)You should help them rather than they should help you.

你們應(yīng)當(dāng)幫助他們,而不是他們應(yīng)當(dāng)幫助你們。

【注】rather than在意思上相當(dāng)于instead of,但在具體用法上instead of后接名詞、代詞或動詞。而rather than后接動詞原形或從句、或與前面相對應(yīng)的詞類,請仔細(xì)閱讀下列句子,體會兩者的差異:

(11)If you jog rather than walk for 30 minutes,you’ll cover more distance.

如果你慢跑而不是走三十分鐘,你跑的距離就遠(yuǎn)些。(可以用instead of walking…)

(12)He would rather I stayed in the classroom than I went to the library.

他寧愿讓我留在教室里,而不愿讓我去圖書館。(固定搭配,不能用instead of)

(13)They are engaged in designing an engine rather than repairing the machine.

他們從事發(fā)動機(jī)的設(shè)計工作,而不是修理那臺機(jī)器。(可用instead of repairing the machine)

(14)I would rather you knew that now,than afterwards.

我愿意你現(xiàn)在知道,而不是將來知道。(不可用instead of)

8.No matter引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句

▲No matter+疑問詞,意為“無論……”“不論……”,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,如no matter who(whom)無論誰,no matter what無論什么,no matter where無論哪里,no matter how無論怎樣等。如:

(1)You are always welcome no matter where you are.

無論在何地,您總是受到歡迎的。

(2)No matter what may happen,they’ve decided to leave this evening.

不管發(fā)生什么事,他們已決定今晚離開。

(3)No matter where you go,you will always find the same thing.

不論你走到哪里,你總會發(fā)現(xiàn)同樣的事。

(4)No matter when my motherland needs me,I will go without hesitation.

無論什么時候,只要祖國需要我,我就會毫不猶豫地出發(fā)。

(5)No matter who you may be,you have no right to do such a thing.

不論你是誰,你都無權(quán)做這樣的事。

(6)No matter what happens,we will not change our plan.

不管發(fā)生什么事,我們決不改變計劃。

▲no matter+疑問詞,相當(dāng)于疑問詞+ever,ever本是一個加強(qiáng)語氣的詞,加在疑問詞后面作后綴,不僅使疑問詞的語氣有所加強(qiáng),而且變?yōu)榫哂凶尣揭饬x,用于引出讓步狀語從句。如:

(7)Whatever happens,we will not change our plan.

不管發(fā)生什么事,我們決不改變計劃。

(8)Whoever is more or less advanced,he can pass this exam.

不管是誰,多多少少有點進(jìn)步的,他是能夠通過這次考試的。

(9)It is a very nice room,whoever it belongs to.

這是個好房間,不管它是屬于誰的。

(10)However often he does,he always makes a mistake.

不論他做多少次,他總是做錯。

(11)The peasants have decided to build a reservoir,whatever the difficulties may be.

農(nóng)民們決心造一個水庫,不管有什么困難。

▲雖然no matter+疑問詞和疑問詞后綴都可用來引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,但后者的用途廣得多,這類詞(whoever,whatever,whenever,wherever等)還可用來引導(dǎo)主語從句、賓語從句、時間、地點狀語從句等。如:

(12)Whoever did it made a mistake.

誰做此事,誰就犯了錯誤。

(13)Whoever comes late may have enough time to do this experiment.

無論哪個晚來,都可以有足夠的時間做這個實驗。

(14)You can take whatever book you like best.

你可以拿走你最喜歡的任何一本書。

(15)Whenever we see him,we speak to him.

每當(dāng)我們見到他時,我們都對他說話。

(16)He said it was so,he was mistaken however.

他說情況如此,但他錯了。

(17)With the development of science and technology,we can send power to wherever it was needed.

隨著現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,我們能夠把電力輸送到所需要的任何地方。

【注】上述疑問詞+后綴ever的例句都不是讓步狀語從句,例句(12)(13)是主語從句,(14)是賓語從句,(15)是時間狀語從句,(16)是一個插入句,(17)是介詞的賓語從句。

如何區(qū)分這類詞引導(dǎo)的是讓步狀語從句還是其他從句,主要根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)來判斷。從句子結(jié)構(gòu)來看,如去掉從句,句子缺少主語,那么該從句就是主語從句,如(12)(13)。賓語從句一般緊接在及物動詞或介詞之后,是動詞動作的對象,其余則應(yīng)根據(jù)句意來判斷到底是什么從句。

【注】no matter whether引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句,可以簡化為直接用whether來引導(dǎo)讓步從句。如:

(18)No matter whether(or Whether)it is fine or rainy,I’ve decided to leave tomorrow.

不管晴天還是下雨,我已決定明天動身。

9.Greatly loved in China are the English Romantic poets.

英國浪漫主義詩人深受中國人愛戴。

▲為強(qiáng)調(diào)表語而引起的倒裝,這是一種修辭上的需要,倒裝時將連系動詞放在主語之前,表語置于句首,不需要增添助動詞。如:

(1)On the desk are two English-Chinese dictionaries.

桌子上是兩本英漢詞典。

(2)Behind the farmhouse was a great pool.

在農(nóng)舍的后面是一個大池塘。

(3)Around the fire were over thirty students and their teacher.

圍火而坐的是三十多位學(xué)生和他們的老師。

(4)Inside the pyramid were the kings’ and queens’ burial rooms and the long passages to these rooms.

在金字塔里面是國王和王后們的墓室以及通向這些墓室的長長的通道。

▲在某些以地點狀語開頭的句子中,也用這種倒裝語序。如:

(5)Under the tree was sitting an old farmer.

在那棵大樹下,坐著一位老農(nóng)民。

(6)Near the sea lived an old fisherman.

海邊住著一位老漁夫。

(7)Round the corner walked a young policeman.

轉(zhuǎn)彎處有個年輕的警察在走著。

(8)At the foot of the hill lies a small village.

在山腳下有一個小村莊。

▲有時主語部分太長,也采取倒裝形式,以保持句子平衡。如:

(9)Spring is coming,and with it come the soft winds that are good for flying kites.

春天來臨,隨之春風(fēng)微拂,很適于放風(fēng)箏。

10.open the door to…

open the door to 愿意為“打開……的門”,可引伸為“為……提供便利”“為……創(chuàng)造條件”“給……以機(jī)會”。如:

(1)These discussions may well open the door to the peaceful solutions.

這些討論很可能為和平解決創(chuàng)造條件。

(2)You are opening the door to trouble by hitchhiking.

你搭車會帶來麻煩的。

(3)Copying others’ exercises may open the door to cheating in the exam.

抄別人的作業(yè)可能會為考試作弊創(chuàng)造條件。

(4)The country opened the door to imports.

這個國家對外開放進(jìn)口業(yè)務(wù)。

【注】在open the door to這個詞組中,to是介詞,后接名詞、代詞、動名詞,不能看作不定式的符號。

11.Light up的用法

▲ light up原意為“點(火)”“點燃”。如:

(1)Jones lit up a second cigarette as soon as he had finished the first.

瓊斯剛抽完第一支煙就點燃第二支。

(2)It’s getting dark-time to light up.天黑了-該開燈了。

▲ light up可作“照亮”“照明”解釋。如:

(3)The glare from the fire lit up the sky.

火光照亮了天空。

(4)The lightning lit up the inky blackness.

閃電照亮了一片漆黑。

(5)The searchlight lit up the whole area.

探照燈照亮了整個地區(qū)。

(6)For some reason her car was lighted up inside.

不知怎么的,她車內(nèi)的燈亮著。

▲light up還有“發(fā)亮光”“面露喜色”之意。如:

(7)Sue’s face lit up when she heard the good news.

蘇聽到這個好消息時面露喜色。

(8)Her face lit up with pleasure.

她臉上喜氣洋洋。

(9)Her big eyes suddenly lighted up at the happy recollection.

這愉快的回憶使她的大眼睛突然亮了起來。

(10)Her advice lit up my mind and gave me strength.

她的忠告照亮了我的心,給了我力量。

【注】動詞light的過去分詞既可以是lighted,也可以是lit,一般來說lighted多用作前置定語。如:

(11)I saw a lighted window across the street.

在街對面我看到一個窗子里亮著燈。

(12)In the center a table stands with a lighted lamp on it.

在中間有張桌子,上面有盞點燃的燈。

【注】但如果作后置定語,則仍可用lit。如:

(13)I was taken into a room lit by candles.

我被帶進(jìn)一間點著蠟燭的房間。

【注】即使是作前置定語,如前面有副詞修飾,則多用lit。如:

(14)a freshly lit cigarette 點燃的香煙

(15)the dimly lit living-room 燈光晦暗的客廳

12.come into being及come into sth.短語

▲come into being意為“出現(xiàn)”“產(chǎn)生”。如:

(1)Do you know when the Great Wall fist came into being?

你知道中國的長城最初是什么時候形成的嗎?

(2)The Red Army came into being after the defeat of the first great revolution.

紅軍是從第一次大革命失敗中誕生的。

(3)No one knows when such a custom first came into being.

沒有人知道這種風(fēng)俗是什么時候開始有的。

(4)The Chinese Communist Party came into being in 1921.

中國共產(chǎn)黨是一九二一年成立的。

▲come into后接名詞的詞組很多,多作“開始、進(jìn)入(某種狀態(tài)或活動)”之意,如come into contact意為“接觸”,come into effect意為“生效”,come into power(office)作“上臺執(zhí)政”解釋,come into leaf(flower,bud)意為“長葉子”“開花”“發(fā)芽”等。如:

(5)As a doctor he came into contact with all kinds of people.

作為一個醫(yī)生,他同各種各樣的人打交道。

(6)When will the new regulation come into effect?

新規(guī)定何時生效?

(7)The new type of bus will come into service next month.

新型公共汽車下月開始使用。

(8)That style of coat came first into fashion when I was a boy.

這種式樣的大衣是我做孩子的時候開始時興的。

(9)The present government came into power a year ago.

現(xiàn)政府是一年前上臺的。

(10)As the plane came down through the clouds,green fields and white houses came into sight.

當(dāng)飛機(jī)穿過云層下降時,綠色的田野和白色的房屋映入眼簾。

(11)These trees come into leaf in February.

這些樹二月里長葉子。

(12)Electric power has come into wide use in the countryside.

農(nóng)村已廣泛使用電力。

13.leave along和leave后帶賓語補(bǔ)足語

▲leave sb./sth. alone意為“別管”“別碰”“別惹”。如:

(1)Leave the box alone.

別碰這箱子。

(2)Leave it alone for a time.Talking about it may do harm.

暫時別談這事了,談了可能還有壞處。

(3)I have told you to leave my things alone.

我已經(jīng)告訴過你別碰我的東西。

(4)Leave me alone,I’m hopeless.

別管我,我沒指望了。

【注】在口語中,可以說leave sb./sth. be。如:

(5)“The baby is crying!”“Leave him be,he’ll soon stop.”

“小寶寶哭了!”“別理他,他就會不哭的!

【注】也可以用let sb./sth. be表示同樣的意思。如:

(6)Let the dog be.

別去惹那條狗。

(7)Let him be,he’s doing no harm.

不要去干擾他,他并沒有惹事。

▲leave sb. alone還有“讓一個人待著”之意。如:

(8)Now she was left alone with her little child.

現(xiàn)在只剩她和她孩子在一起了。

(9)He didn’t want to be left alone.

他不愿意一個人呆著。

(10)He was never left alone because of his illness.

由于生病,他身邊總留著人。

▲leave作“讓(繼續(xù)處于某種狀態(tài))時,后面可以跟形容詞、分詞、介詞短語的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。如:

(11)You’d better leave the door open.

你最好讓門開著。

(12)His illness left him very weak.

他的病使他身體很虛弱。

(13)Who has left the water running?

誰讓水流著就走了?

(14)He will never leave a job unfinished.

他干什么事從來沒有干不完的。

(15)She left in a hurry leaving the child crying at home.

她匆忙離去,把孩子留在家里哭。

(16)I’m sorry I’ve left some of your questions unanswered.

很抱歉,有些問題我沒回答。

(17)They covered the boy’s boby with a national flag,leaving only his face exposed.

他們把一面國旗蓋在男孩的身上,只露出他的臉。

(18)The result left him speechless.

結(jié)果使他啞口無言。

14.shade和shadow

▲shade和shadow都有“蔭”之意,但shade一般指“陰涼處”“避光或遮陽的東西”;而shadow則指“影子”“陰影”。如:

(1)He slept in the shade of the trees.

他在樹陰處睡覺。

(2)Let’s go and sit in the shade.

咱們到陰涼處去坐坐。

(3)There are no trees or bushes to give shade.

沒有樹木和灌木遮蔭。

(4)I’m too hot in the sun;Let’s get into the shade.

我在太陽底下太熱了,咱們到陰涼處去吧!

▲請在下面shadow在句中的意思。

(5)The grey evening light cast strange shadows on the floor.

灰色的夜光在地上投下奇怪的陰影。

(6)As the sun set,the shadows grew longer.

隨著太陽的下山,影子變長了。

(7)By six o’clock in the evening,this part of the garden is in shadow.

到下午六點時,花園的這一部分就在影子里了。

(8)They watched the wavering shadows of the trees.

他們注視著搖曳的樹影。

【注】用作比喻中的“陰影”時,用shadow。如:

(9)He had to live in his famous father’s shadow.

他不得不生活在他了不起的父親的影子里。

(10)Today,the shadow of war still hangs heavily over the people of Iraq.

如今,戰(zhàn)爭的陰影仍然籠罩在伊拉克人民的頭上。

15.動詞avoid的用法

avoid意為“避免”“避開”,其后只能跟名詞、代詞或動名詞。如:

(1)I avoid crossing the street here if I’m in a hurry.

急的時候,我避免在這里穿越這條街。

(2)She managed to avoid being punished.

她設(shè)法免受懲罰。

(3)Tom avoided his aunt by leaving by the back door.

湯姆從后門出去,以避免碰上他姑媽。

(4)This difficulty can be avoided in several ways.

有幾種方法可以避免這一困難。

(5)Be careful to avoid breaking the glass.

當(dāng)心不要打碎玻璃。

(6)You’d beter avoid taking a trip in August.

你最好避免在八月出門旅行。

【注】avoid后不能接不定式,也不能接賓語從句。

16.aloud,loud和loudly

▲aloud是副詞,意為“出聲”。表示真的把話說出來,而不是在腦子里默默地說,通常與動詞read,think連用。如:

(1)Can you read the text aloud?

你能朗讀課文嗎?

(2)She has a very good prononciation when she reads aloud.

她朗讀的時候,發(fā)音很好。

(3)“What did you say?”“Oh ,nothing,I was just thinking aloud.”

“你說什么?”“噢,沒說什么,我把想的事說出來了!

▲loud作副詞時,意為“大聲地”“響亮地”。如:

(4)She read the story loud to the others.

她給其他人大聲讀那故事。

(5)He said,“Good-bye”loud.

他高聲地說“再見”。

(6)Don’t talk so loud,you may be overheard.

別那么大聲講話,別人會聽見的。

(7)Actions speak louder than words.

事實勝于雄辯。

(8)If you’ve got something to say,say it out loud.

如果你有什么話要說,大聲地說出來。

【注】loud還可作形容詞用,而aloud和loudly則不可以,如:

(9)That music is too loud.

那音樂太吵人。

(10)The more Tom drank,the louder he became.

湯姆酒喝得越多,就吵得越厲害。

▲loudly是副詞,意為“大聲地”,有時可以與loud替換,作含有“鬧聲”“喧鬧”的意味。如:

(11)Don’t talk so loudly.

不要大聲喧嘩。

(12)Suddenly,the bell on the wall rang loudly.

突然墻上鈴聲大作。

17.start with意為“從……著手”“以……開始”“先做……”。如:

(1)His illness started with a slight cough.

他的病開始時只有輕微的咳嗽。

(2)Now let’s hear the students read their poems,starting with Tom.

現(xiàn)在讓我們聽學(xué)生們朗讀詩歌,從湯姆開始。

(3)Westerners start the meal with soup.

西方人吃飯先喝湯。

(4)Let’s start with the first paragraph.

我們從第一段開始吧!

(5)This book starts with a tale of country life.

這本書從農(nóng)村生活故事開始。

▲to start with常用作插入語。如:

(6)Our difficulties are many,to start with,we haven’t get enough workers.

我們的困難很多,首先,我們還沒有足夠的工人。

(7)To start with,the day fine,but then it began to rain.

開始時天氣很好,可是后來下起雨來了。

(8)You have no right to raise this question,to start with.

首先,你們無權(quán)提這個問題。

▲start with在句中還可以作狀語用,意為“開始時”。如:

(9)The school bought a big basket of seeds for us to start with.

學(xué)校先給我們買了一大籃種子。

(10)The boss paid him only five dollars a week to start with.

開始時,老板每周只給他五美元工資。

18.動詞recommend的用法

▲recommend意為“推薦”“介紹”,后面跟介詞as,for,to。如:

(1)They recommended him as a good manager.

他們把他作為一個好經(jīng)理來推薦。

(2)The teacher recommended the book for spare-time reading.

老師推薦這本書作為業(yè)余時間的讀物。

(3)You can recommend some books to the students.

你可以向?qū)W生們推薦一些書。

(4)Can you recommend me a good hotel?

你能否給我推薦一家好的旅館。

▲recommend可作“建議”“勸告”解釋,后面通常接名詞,代詞或動名詞作賓語,可以接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語,但不能接不定式作賓語,也可以接賓語從句。如:

(5)He recommended Spain for our next holiday.

他建議我們下次度假去西班牙。

(6)The doctor may recommend limiting the amount of fat in your diet.

醫(yī)生可能會建議限制你飲食中的脂肪量。

(7)I recommend you to think very carefully before you do anything foolish.

我勸你在做出任何蠢事之前先仔細(xì)地思考一下。

(8)I recommend that everyone (should) buy the dictionary.

我建議大家都買這本詞典。

(9)The doctor recommended that I (should) stay a few more days in hospital.

醫(yī)生建議我在醫(yī)院再呆幾天。

【注】recommend后接賓語從句時,常用虛擬語氣,即用should+動詞原形,或直接用動詞原形,如例句(8)(9)。

▲recommend亦可用于被動語態(tài)。如:

(10)I have been recommended this magazine.

有人向我推薦這本雜志。

(11)It is highly recommended for liver trouble.

人們都說這藥治肝炎很好。

19.動詞contribute及用法

▲contribute的意思是“捐獻(xiàn)(贈、錢)”,后接介詞to或toward或for。如:

(1)Benjamin contributed a large sum to the hospital.

本杰明向醫(yī)院捐贈了一筆巨款。

(2)They have contributed much time and effort to founding the nursery.

他們?yōu)榻⑼袃核瞬簧贂r間和精力。

(3)All the girls in the office contributed toward a wedding present for her.

辦公室里所有的女孩都出了錢,要為她買一件結(jié)婚禮物。

(4)We contributed food and clothing for the flood refugees.

我們?yōu)樗疄?zāi)難民捐獻(xiàn)了食品和衣服。

▲contribute可作“提供(幫助、建議、意見等)”解釋,后面也跟介詞to,toward或for。如:

(5)Everyone was asked to contribute suggestions for the party.

人人都被要求對聚會獻(xiàn)計獻(xiàn)策。

(6)He felt he wanted to contribute something to the community that had given so much to him.

他覺得他必須為幫了他那么多忙的社區(qū)做些什么。

【注】有時可指給報刊投稿。如:

(7)He contributed an article to the People’s Daily.

他給《人民日報》寫了一篇稿。

▲contribute還有“有助于”“促成”“起作用”之意。如:

(8)Some people hold that air pollution contributes to this disease.

有些人認(rèn)為這種疾病是空氣污染造成的。

(9)His carelessness contributed to the accident.

他的粗心大意是造成這項事故的原因之一。

(10)Her experience contributed towards overcoming difficulties.

她的經(jīng)驗有助于克服困難。