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高三英語詞匯歸類總復(fù)習(xí)

發(fā)布時間:2017-12-16 編輯:互聯(lián)網(wǎng) 手機版

  縱觀歷屆高考,從單項選擇、完形填空、短文改錯、單詞拼寫乃至閱讀理解 的考查無一不是對詞匯的考查 。到了高三,僅僅英語一科就有厚厚九本書(新 版教材),兩千多單詞,數(shù)不清的習(xí)語搭配和同義詞,加上復(fù) 雜的語法、語音, 的確使英語復(fù)習(xí)顯得很難而又"漫無邊際"。

怎樣才能花較少的時間取得較大的 復(fù)習(xí)效果呢 ?下面筆者就多年來從事高三教學(xué)所得的點滴體會,參照歷屆高考 詞匯考查頻繁的內(nèi)容,從語法、習(xí)語、辨析 和拼寫等四方面將語音、詞匯、語 法和拼寫融為一體,談?wù)動⒄Z詞匯的歸類總復(fù)習(xí)。

  一、從用法上復(fù)習(xí)歸納詞匯,過語法關(guān)

  英語詞匯大多具有本身詞義外,還有其語法功能,我們在復(fù)習(xí)時就不要把著 眼點單純放在單詞記憶上,而 要從它們的語法功能上去把握它們。如在復(fù)習(xí)動 詞時我們就要根據(jù)它們變化形式多、搭配活躍等特點,從它們 的用法上進行分 類記憶。這樣,既可記住詞匯,又可攻克語法難關(guān)。

  1.賓語不同,意義也不同

  英語中有些動詞可同時后接不定式和動名詞作賓語,但意義不同。它們是高 考試題的考查重點。這類詞主 要有:

  go on doing(繼續(xù)干同一件事) go on to do(接著去干另一件事) stop doing sth.(停止正在干的事) stop to do sth.(停下來去干某事) regret doing(后悔干了某事) regret to do(相當(dāng)于be sorry to do) forget/remember doing(忘記/記得已做過的事) forget/rem-ember to do (忘記/記得要干的事) mean doing(意味著干…) mean to do(想干…) try doing(嘗試做) try to do(設(shè)法做) (95高考)"You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.""Well,now I regret_____ ___that." A.to do B.to be doing C.to have done D.having done ───────(畫線項為答案,下同) (92高考)"I usually go there by train.""Why not____________by boat for a change?" A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going ──────

  2.都可接賓語和賓補,形式卻不同

  某些動詞如forbid,advise,allow,permit,admit,consider等直接接動詞 作賓語時要用動名詞,但接賓補時 ,賓補要用不定式。如:

  We forbid smoking here.(賓語) We forbid you to smoke here.(賓補) You are forbidden to smoke here.(主補) (87高考)They would not allow him_________across the ene-my line. A.to risk going B.risking going ──────── C.for risk to go D.risk going

  3.賓語不同、語態(tài)不同,意義卻相同

  有些詞如need,require,want,deserve等后可接不定式(要用被動形式), 可接動名詞(要用主動形式表被 動意義),可與worth,worthy一并記憶。兩種 形式意義相同。如:

  The room requires to be cleaned/cleaning. (85高考)This sentence needs______________. A.an improvement B.improve C.improving D.improved ──────

  4.只接不定式作賓語的詞和詞組

  只接不定式作賓語的詞和詞組有:

  decide,expect,refuse,wish,hope,order,promise,pretend,offer,hap pen,seem,make up one's mind,used,be about,be able,have等。如: (89高考)She pretended____________me when I passed by. A.not to see B.not seeing ────── C.to not see D.having not seen

  5.只接動名詞作賓語的詞和詞組 只接動名詞作賓語的詞和詞組:

  mind,risk,avoid,enjoy,excape,keep,suggest,appreciate,practise,de lay,finish,feel like,look forward to,can't help,keep(on),miss,be used to,excuse,be worth,imagine ,put off,give up等。

如: (92高考)I would appreciate_________back this afternoon. A.you to call B.you call C.your calling D.you are calling ─────── (87高考)The squirrel was lucky that it just missed______. A.catching B.to be caught C.being caught D.to catch ───────

  6.半系動詞

  半系動詞后可用名詞、不定式、分詞和形容詞等作表語,這類詞有: 表感觀的系動詞:look,sound,taste,smell,feel(這些詞用形容詞作表語), seem,appear 表變化的系動詞:become,get,turn,grow,make,come,go,fall,run 表依舊的系動詞:remain,keep,stay,continue,stand,rest,lie,hold 可帶名詞作表語的系動詞:

  be,become,make,look,sound,fall,prove,remain,turn(該詞后接的單數(shù)名詞 前多不用冠詞。如:He turned teacher.) (91高考)These oranges taste____________. A.good B.well ─── C.to be good D.to be well

  7.含"被動"意味的動詞

  有些動詞,如 sell,open,close,wash,teach,burn,measure,cut,lock,cost,read,write,tear ,wear,pull, clean,add,cook,let(出租)等,它們的主語是事物,且又是表示 主語的固有特征和狀態(tài),與行為方式狀語連 用時,要用主動形式表被動意義:

  My pen writes smoothly.我的筆好寫。

  Oil burns easily.油易燃燒。 (88高考)That suit_________over 60 dollars. A.had costed B.costed C.is cost D.cost ──── (97高考)"Is this raincoat yours?""No,mine____________th-ere behind the door." A.is hanging B.has hung ────── C.hangs D.hung

  8.具有兩種形式的易混動詞

  中學(xué)英語教材中有些不規(guī)則動詞有兩種過去式或兩種過去分詞形式,使用或 考測時極易弄混。如:

  hang,hanged,hanged(絞死) hang,hung,hung(掛起) light,lit,lit(點燃,作謂語) light,lighted,lighted(過去分詞作形容詞用時,意謂"燃燒著的",作 定語) drink,drank,drunk/drunken(喝,飲;過去分詞作形容詞同時,意謂"醉 的",drunk多作表語,drunke n多作定語) sink,sank,sunk/sunken(下沉;過去分詞sunken作形容詞用時,作定語) bear,bore,born(出生) bear,bore,borne(結(jié)果;生育) lie(撒謊),lied,lied,lying lie(躺,臥,位于),lay,lain,lying (89高考)Do you know the boy___________under the big tree? A.lay B.lain C.laying D.lying ──── The woman,who was born in 1940,has borne five children. ── ───

  二、從搭配上復(fù)習(xí)歸納詞匯,過習(xí)語關(guān)

  英語詞匯的搭配十分活躍,復(fù)習(xí)時我們要把重點放在某些常用的動詞、名詞 或介詞、副詞。

我們可按下列 方式進行對比歸納。

  1.常用的搭配活躍的名詞

  常用的搭配較活躍的名詞有:time,way,moment,means等。如time的搭配 短語在中學(xué)教材中出現(xiàn)有:

  in no time(立刻,馬上),on time(按時),in time(及時、遲早),at a time(一次),behind the times(落伍),behind time(不及時,晚點),at one time(曾經(jīng)),for a time(一度),at othe r times(其它時候,平素),at times (有時候),at all times(一直,經(jīng)常) (93高考)If you keep on,you will succeed_____________.

  A.in time B.at on time ───── C.on time D.at the same time (94高考)Don't all speak at once!___________,please. A.Each at on time B.One by one time C.One for each time D.One at a time ────────

  2.常用的搭配活躍的動詞

  常用的搭配活躍的動詞有:

  look,take,make,give,get,have,go,do,turn,put,set,come等。復(fù)習(xí)時我們要 盡量將具有相反意義的介詞、副詞與同一動詞的搭配羅列在一起對比記憶,如 turn一詞:

  turn on(打開),turn off(關(guān)上),turn up(放大音量等;出現(xiàn)),turn down (放小音量等;拒絕) ,turn in(上交),turn ag-ainst(反對),turn out (生產(chǎn)),turn away(避開) (81高考)Would you mind__________your radio a little? A.turn off B.turning off C.to turn down D.turning down ───────

 。92高考)Readers can_________quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word.

  A.get over B.get out of ───── C.get away D.get off

  3.常用的搭配活躍的介詞、副詞

  搭配活躍的介詞、副詞有:in,out,up,down,on,off,to,from,for,over,with 等。復(fù)習(xí)時,我們要從不同動 詞、名詞等與同一介詞、副詞搭配進行逐一過關(guān), 如on的搭配有:

  ①on與動詞的搭配 get on(上車/船等),live on(以…為生),feed on(以…為生),take on (接受;雇用),turn on(打開開關(guān)/電器等),look on(旁觀),spy on(偵 察/窺探),call on(號召;拜訪),go on(繼續(xù) ),have on(穿戴),depend on(依靠),wait on(侍候),carry on(執(zhí)行),hold on(堅持),insi st on (堅持),play tr-icks on(戲弄),fix on(注視),impress on(留下印象) ②on與名詞搭配(注意冠詞的取舍)

  on duty(值班),on business(因公;因事),on fire(燃燒),on show (展覽),on time(準(zhǔn)時) ,on strike(罷工),on watch(監(jiān)視,觀察),on sale(出售;大減價),on earth(到底,究竟),on journey(旅游),on foot(步行),on purpose(故意),on the way(在 路上),on the contrary(相 反),on one hand(一方面),on the right(在 右邊),on the whole(總而言之),on one's own(獨自 ),on one's side(支 持,站在某一方),on holiday/leave(度假/請假)

 、燮渌闆r:

  later on(后來),from now/then on(從現(xiàn)在/那時起),on account of (由于,因為) (93高考)We offered him our congratulations_______his pa-ssing the college entrance exams. A.at B.on C.for D.of ── (91高考)A new school was___________in the village last year. A.held up B.set up ──── C.sent up D.brought up

  三、從對比詞/詞組的同義、詞序或結(jié)構(gòu)等復(fù)習(xí)歸納詞匯,過辨析關(guān)

  1.動作動詞和結(jié)果動詞

  英語中有些動詞雖然意義相同,但用法不同,有的表示某個動作,而另一個 則表示該動作所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果, 這類動詞常見的有:

  look for(尋找),find(找到);look(看),see(看見);listen(聽), hear(聽到);try(試 圖,不說明是否成功),manage(設(shè)法,側(cè)重做到);advise (勸告,不說明是否勸成),persuade(勸服, 側(cè)重勸成功) (87高考)How can you___________if you are not__________? A.listen,hearing

  B.hear,listening ──────── C.be listening,heard

  D.be hearing,listened to

  2.詞序不同、意思就不同

  有少量詞組顛倒詞序后意思和用法就不同了,常見的有: before long(不久以后),long before(很久以前) turn in(上交;就寢),in turn(按次序,輪流) hand in(上交),in hand(在手邊) from far(來自遠方),far from(離得遠;遠非) much too(非常,修飾形容詞或副詞),too much(太多,修飾名詞,也可 作名詞)

  if only(要是…),only if(只有…) all in(精疲力盡),in all(總共) good for(對…有好處),for good(永遠) (95上海)It was__________late to catch a bus after the party,therefore we called a taxi.

  A.too very

  B.much too ─────

  C.too much

  D.far Before long,he moved to London and made London the base for ────── his revolutionar y work.

  It was not long before the whole country rose up and drove ────── the Aus trians out of their homeland.

  3.動詞后有無介詞,意思不同

  因有無介詞而詞義不同的動詞在中學(xué)英語教材中較多,常見的如: search(對人、物或場所搜查),search for(搜尋人、物或場所) leave(離開某地),leave for(去某地) reach(到達;拿到),reach for(伸手去拿) prepare(準(zhǔn)備),prepare for(為…作準(zhǔn)備) enter(進入),enter for(報名參加) run(經(jīng)營;跑),run for(競選) stand(站;忍受),stand for(代表) answer(回答),answer for(負(fù)責(zé)) know(了解,知道),know about(知道關(guān)于…) pay(付錢、債給某人),pay for(付錢買某物)

  The baby reached for the apple but he couldn't reach it.那嬰兒伸手 去拿蘋果,但夠不到。

  The mayor who used to run a small shop will run for the Senate.那 個曾經(jīng)營過一家小店的市長準(zhǔn)備 去競選參議員。

  4.有無-ly,意思和用法都不同

  這詞在教材中較多。一般來說,在形容詞后加了-ly成了副詞,但有些形容 詞不加-ly時也可作副詞,因而 在使用或考測時學(xué)生;煜磺,復(fù)習(xí)時可按 用法分類記憶:

  a.表具體(無-ly)和抽象(有-ly)的區(qū)別: wide(寬廣),widely(廣泛地) deep(深),deeply(深深地) high(高,位置高),highly(高度地) low(位置低),lowly(地位卑微) b.有無-ly,意思不同:

  near(近,附近),nearly(幾乎) hard(努力),hardly(幾乎不) most(大部分),mostly(主要地) like(象…一樣),likely(大概,也許) dear(昂貴),dearly(深切地;昂貴地) close(靠近地),closely(密切地) late(遲到),lately(最近) bad(壞),badly(惡劣地;嚴(yán)重地) 5.合寫與分寫時意思不同

  這類詞在拼法上一樣,但合寫和分寫在用法和意義上卻不同,常見的詞有:

  sometime(某個時候),some time(一段時間) sometimes(有時),some times(幾次) everyday(adj."日常的",作定語),every day(每天) anyway(adv.無論怎樣),any way(以任何方式) altogether(總共,完全),all together(一道,一起) already(已經(jīng)),all ready(都已準(zhǔn)備好) everyone(每個人,指人,不可接of短語),every one (每個人或物,后 可接of短語) none(沒有,可指人或物),no one(沒有,專指人) (95高考)They were all very tired,but_______of them would stop to take a rest. A.any B.some C.none D.neither ─── 6.差了一個字母a,意思大不同

  這類詞不多,但在練習(xí)中極易出錯,使用時也;煜,因而要從用法和意義 上加以辨別。如:

  alive(adj."活著的",作表語),live(adj.修飾物,作定語:a live fire) alone(adj.,adv."獨自",作形容詞時作表語),lone(adj."孤獨的; 偏僻的",作定語) asleep(adj."熟睡的",常作表語),sleep(V.,n.睡著) awake(adj.,v."醒著;叫醒",作形容詞時作表語),wake(v.叫醒) alike(adj."相象的",表語形容詞),like(v.,prep.,adj.喜歡;象… 一樣)

  arise(vi.產(chǎn)生;發(fā)生;出現(xiàn)),rise(vi.起來;上漲;上升) across(prep.,adv.穿過;橫過),cross(v.穿過;橫過) await(vt."等候",直接接賓語),wait(vi."等候",不及物動詞) aloud(adv."大聲地",與read,call,cry等連用,無比較級形式),loud (adv."大聲地,響亮地", 常與talk,speak,shout,laugh等詞連用) 注意:有a-的形容詞常作表語,作定語時則要后置。如: It's difficult for the man awake to fall asleep again.

  四、歸納易拼錯的常用詞,過拼寫關(guān) 歸納易拼錯的常用詞如:

  quarrel,immerdiately,camera,umbrella,envelope,develop,popular,republi c ,public,appreciate,pronunciation等,攻克單詞拼寫難關(guān)。

  我們在復(fù)習(xí)詞匯時要有的放矢,全方位、多渠道地去探索它們的內(nèi)在規(guī)律, 根據(jù)它們的特點把語音、拼寫 、語法、搭配等融為一體,縮小復(fù)習(xí)的范圍、避 免詞匯復(fù)習(xí)的枯燥性,從而提高復(fù)習(xí)興趣與效果。