一、教法建議
【拋磚引玉】
本單元圍繞海洋知識(shí)這一題材，讓同學(xué)們通過(guò)閱讀“The Sea”“Salt Lakes of the World”和“Life in the Oceans”來(lái)了解有關(guān)海洋及海洋生物的知識(shí)。
單元雙基學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)
Ⅰ. 詞匯學(xué)習(xí)
四會(huì)單詞和詞組：sailor , do well , make up one’s mind , bathe , time ( vt .) , spring , beg , beg one’s pardon , captain , depth , merely , huge , construction
三會(huì)單詞和詞組：seaside , beach , dive , navy , drown , come up , vast , surface , solid , various , variety , float , the Dead Sea , partly , on average , pole , the South Pole , huge , at a time , occur , treasure , voyage , load , cycle , kg = kilogram(me) , the Atlantic = the Atlantic Ocean
Ⅱ. 交際英語(yǔ)
道歉和遺憾
一般來(lái)說(shuō)，中國(guó)人喜歡反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)自己的謙意，并喜歡用“非常抱歉”、“深表歉意”等表示程度傾向的語(yǔ)句，而英美人士則不同，對(duì)于因客觀原因而造成的過(guò)失或差錯(cuò)，則不必主動(dòng)工過(guò)分向?qū)Ψ奖硎厩敢狻Ｈ缫欢ㄒ驅(qū)Ψ降狼�，說(shuō)聲 sorry 即可，一般不用 very , terribly , truly 等表示程度的詞。因?yàn)樵诿绹?guó)，過(guò)分的道歉或自責(zé)反而顯得不太誠(chéng)懇，令人感到虛假或另有用心。
Some useful expressions：
1 . Sorry / Pardon / I‘m sorry .
2 . I’m sorry for/about…
3 . I‘m sorry to do sth . / I’m sorry to have done sth…
4 . Excuse me ( for… )
5 . be afraid that…
6 . What a pity/shame !
7 . It‘s a pity that…
8. That’s all right . /It doesn‘t matter . /That’s nothing .
9 . That‘s OK . /It’s quite all right . /Never mind . /No trouble at all . / That‘s not your fault .
交際示范：
( A is late for a birthday party ) .
A : Come in , Mr Smith . Nice to see you .
B : Nice to see you too . I’m very sorry to be late . ( I‘m sorry to have kept you waiting . )
A : It doesn’t matter . We‘re glad you could come .
B : I didn’t quite remember the number of your house , so it took me a long time to find your house .
A : I‘m sorry that I didn’t make myself clear .
B : Oh , that‘s nothing .
Ⅲ. 語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)
學(xué)習(xí)省略句的用法。
【指點(diǎn)迷津】
單元重點(diǎn)詞匯點(diǎn)撥
1. sailor水手；海員
He will make a good sailor . 他將成為很好的水手。
〖點(diǎn)撥〗go to sea當(dāng)船員。當(dāng)sailor與形容詞連用時(shí)表達(dá)“……于乘船的人”。如：a bad / poor sailor會(huì)暈船的人。
另外，sailer是“帆船”。go sailing去航海。
2. time vt . 測(cè)定……的時(shí)間；記錄……的時(shí)間
I timed him the 5000 metre race at the sports meet .
〖點(diǎn)撥〗含 time 的高頻介詞短語(yǔ)
1） at a time 每次，一次
A whale may eat a ton of small fish at a time , and may enjoy four meals a day .
2） at the same time 同時(shí)
The two little boys reached the finish line at the same time .
The head of the whale contains a lot of oil , and this is probably cooled at the same time .
3） at one time 以前，曾經(jīng)
At one time , there were long queues of people waiting outside the CAAC offices .
At one time I lived in Japan .
4） from time to time 間或，時(shí)常，不時(shí)地
I’ll see you from time to time .
She sent her pocket money to him from time to time for a year .
5） in time 及時(shí)
We were just in time to catch the bus .
Fortunately , I was in time for the interview .
6） on time 準(zhǔn)時(shí)，按時(shí)；于指定時(shí)間
The train pulled in on time .
He seldom gets to work on time .
7） at all times 無(wú)論何時(shí)；一直
We should at all times be aware of our own shortcomings .
8） at no time 在任何時(shí)候都不，決不
At no time will China be the first to use unclear weapons .
9） at times 有時(shí)
I do feel a little nervous at times .
10） in no time 立刻，很快
I‘ll be back in no time .
I am sure that I can learn typing in no time .
3. drown溺死；淹死
An eight-year-old girl was drowned in the river .
〖點(diǎn)撥〗a drowning boy溺水的男孩。
4. various各種各樣的；不同的
Of all the various methods of learning a foreign language , I think this is the best .
Various kinds of bicycles can be bought in this shop .
〖點(diǎn)撥〗variety是名詞“多樣化（不可數(shù)）；種類（可數(shù)）”。a variety of各種各樣的。如：Varieties of TV programmes are being broadcast on TV at present .
5. depth深度；深；厚度
Snow fell to a depth of over nine inches .
〖點(diǎn)撥〗in depth從深度上講。What’s the depth of … ？……多深 ？
注意下列形容詞與名詞：wide → width , strong → strength , long → length, deep →depth , high →height 。
6. construction建設(shè)；建造
Women are playing an important part in China’s socialist construction .
The construction of the new railway took 3 years .
〖點(diǎn)撥〗under construction正在建設(shè)中。如：A new hotel is being built . = A new hotel is under construction .
7. occur發(fā)生
Such a thing hardly occurs .
It occurs more often in women than in men .
〖點(diǎn)撥〗 注意occur的現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞的拼寫(xiě)要雙寫(xiě) –r 。另外，該詞不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：It was said that the traffic accident occurred at midnight .
occur to sb發(fā)生在某人身上……。It occurs to sb that …某人突然想到……。如：
An excellent idea occurred to me when I woke up this morning .
It occurred to me that I would travel Europe .
另外，happen , take place也表示“發(fā)生”，不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
8. beg乞求；請(qǐng)求
She begged me to speak a word for her .
〖點(diǎn)撥〗beg sb to do懇求某人干…… 。beg for乞求得到……。
I beg your pardon. = Beg your pardon . = Pardon . (用聲升) 請(qǐng)你再說(shuō)一遍。
另外要注意beg的雙寫(xiě)形式。
單元詞組思維運(yùn)用
1. on the sand (s)在沙灘上。in the sand在沙里。
2. do well in在……做的好。do good to sb對(duì)……有好處。
Giving up smoking will do you good .
That meeting will do no good to them .
She has made up her mind to do better to learn Japanese .
3. make up one’s mind to do = decide to do下決心干……
They haven’t made up their minds what to do next .
4. take a deep breath = breathe deeply = draw a deep breath作深呼吸。
He took a deep breath and jumped into the river .
注意：take breath是“喘口氣；歇一歇”。
5. go cycling騎自行車(chē)
6. make up構(gòu)成；組成
The examination paper is made up of two parts .
7. by weight按重量計(jì)算
Air contains 23.1% oxygen by weight .
Most of the oceans contain 35% parts of salt oer thousand parts of water . That is 3.5% by weight .
注意：by可以用來(lái)表示標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、度量單位，作“以……計(jì)；按……計(jì)算”。又如：by the hour按小時(shí)計(jì)算。by the month按月算。
8. up to到達(dá)……數(shù)量；直到
The hall can hold up to 3000 people .
注意：這里up是副詞，to是介詞表示“到達(dá)……程度”。又如：
The price of this article has been reduced to 65 yuan .
Water will freeze if it is cooled to a low enough temperature .
9. a depth of有……的深度
The lake has a depth of 300 feet in the middle .
10. less than少于；小于
He finished his homework in less than half an hour .
11. the mouth of ……的出口
At the mouth of the river there are a lot of boats .
12. on the surface在表面；從表面上看
We can see lots of fallen leaves on the surface of the lake .
On the surface , she is clever .
13. by supplied by由……提供
Information will be supplied by him if necessary .
14. on average = on an / the average 平均起來(lái)；一般說(shuō)來(lái)
The price of apples is about four yuan per kg on average .
On average the hottest place is the Red Sea and the coldest probably the South Pole .
15. in a group成群接隊(duì)地
These fish swim together , often in a group .
注意：in groups成群接隊(duì)地；分組地
Let’s discuss the question in groups of six . 我們六人一組分組討論。
16. provide A for B為B提供A
These fish provide the main food for whales .
17. at a time一次；每次；一下子
18．feed on靠吃……維持生命
The sperm whale feeds on squid . 巨頭鯨靠吃魷魚(yú)為生。
feed + 賓語(yǔ) + on… 用……喂養(yǎng)……
19. leave out省略；忽略；遺漏
Please point out which words have been left out in the sentence .
20. for ages長(zhǎng)時(shí)間；很久
21. take in接受；接納
The company will take you in .
It’s good for you to go outside and take in fresh air .
22. in the direction of朝……方向。in the opposite direction朝相反的方向。
In which direction does the river run ?
23. have the shape of呈……的形狀
Some of the living things are round and have the shape of a bell .
24. make a journey to到……旅行
二、學(xué)海導(dǎo)航
【學(xué)法指要】
單元難點(diǎn)疑點(diǎn)思路明晰
1.Beautiful day, isn’t it？天氣真好，是嗎？
〖明晰〗 這是口語(yǔ)中談?wù)撎鞖鈺r(shí)經(jīng)常使用的省略句型（=It‘s a .. . ）。 回答時(shí)常用Yes, isn’t it?，答語(yǔ)中的isn‘t it?不是反意疑問(wèn)，而是肯定的含義，相當(dāng)于：Yes, it certainly is. 又如：
Raining hard, isn’t it?（=It‘s raining... ）雨下得真大，是嗎？Yes, isn’t it?的確如此。
2. I wish we could go to the seaside today. 但愿今天能去海邊就行了。
〖明晰〗 I wish(that)...表示一種不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，可譯為“但愿……就好了”，定語(yǔ)從句中用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，用過(guò)去式表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)事實(shí)難以相同的愿望；用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)不一樣的愿望；如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是be ， 則不論人稱如何均用were。例如：
I wish I knew the way to Tom‘s house.
I wish I had joined the army five years ago.
I wish I were a king.
3. Take a deep breath and I’ll time you.深肖一口氣，我來(lái)給你記時(shí)。
〖明晰〗(1)句中take a breath指“吸一口氣”，注意breath前有冠詞：take breath作“歇一歇，喘口氣”解時(shí)，breath前沒(méi)有不定冠詞。 常用詞組還有hold one‘s breath屏住呼吸，out of breath上氣不接下氣，lose one’s breath喘不過(guò)氣。
(2)句中time是動(dòng)詞“給……記時(shí)”。He timed them while the students were reading the text.當(dāng)學(xué)生在讀課文時(shí)，他給他們記時(shí)。
time作名詞時(shí)還可當(dāng)“時(shí)間、倍數(shù)”解。
He has been there for some time.
This room is three times as large as that one .
4. Seen from space, the earth looks blue.從太空看，地球是藍(lán)色的。
〖明晰〗(1)seen from space是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，與句子主語(yǔ)存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示條件的狀語(yǔ)從句(If it is see...)。 再如：Moved by his words, she couldn‘t keep back her tears.
(2)注意過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。Seeing from space, we find the earth looks blue.（前后動(dòng)作主語(yǔ)一致）
(3)表示天體、江、河、湖、海等的名詞前要加the。如：the sun, the moon, the Atlantic Ocean
5.There is very little rain here, merely 60mm in a year on average. 這里的雨水極少，每年平均降雨量只有60毫米。
〖明晰〗(1)merely(=only)僅，只有，作狀語(yǔ)。
(2)average adj.平均的，常構(gòu)成固定詞組on average，作“平均起來(lái)”、 “一般來(lái)說(shuō)”解，在句中作狀語(yǔ)。例如：
The average temperature in Hong Kong during July is 28℃.
We hand in a composition on average each week.
6.This is because two thirds of the earth’s surface is made up of vast oceans.這是因?yàn)槿种牡厍虮砻媸怯删薮蟮暮Ｑ蠼M成的。
〖明晰〗be made up of...作“由……組成的”解， 是被動(dòng)形式。 其主動(dòng)形式是makeup。本短語(yǔ)表示組成的各部分均保留自己的特點(diǎn)和屬性，不發(fā)生任何變化。如：
The medical team is made up of 5 doctors and 2 nurses. 主動(dòng)形式：Five doctors and two nurses make up the medical team.
Our class is made up of 42 boys and 15 girls. 主動(dòng)形式：Forty two boys and fifteen girls make up our class.
它區(qū)別于be made of和be made from。雖也作“由……構(gòu)成的”解，但它們強(qiáng)調(diào)構(gòu)成的原料。原料看得出來(lái)的用of，原料看不出來(lái)的用from。
The wall is made of stone, while paper is made from wood.
7.There is only one narrow entrance where the Mediterranean meets the Atlantic.在地中海與大西洋相遇的地方只有一條狹窄的入口。
〖明晰〗句中的where...是個(gè)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句。由where 引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句可置于主句之后也可置于主句之前。如：
Put the book where it was.
Where there is a lot of water and sunlight, crops grow well.
8.That is 3.5% by weight.按重量計(jì)算為3.5%。
〖明晰〗by與weight（重量），height（高度），length（長(zhǎng)度），width（寬度）， depth（深度），volume（體積）連用時(shí)不用冠詞。
by與表示時(shí)間的hour, day, month, year及pieces（件）連用時(shí)要加冠詞。例如：
What time is it by your watch?
This bag of flour is fifty jin by weight.
The workers are given money by the day/month/year.
The boss gives the workers money by the pieces.
9. occur, happen, take place
〖明晰〗三者都可表示“發(fā)生”之意，都是不及和持動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)，不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
occur是比較正式的用語(yǔ)，可用于具體或抽象的事物， 通常指按計(jì)劃或規(guī)律在較為確定的時(shí)間“發(fā)生”的事，在表示具體的事物時(shí)，可與happen換用。此外， 還可表示“某想法”出現(xiàn)在人的頭腦之中，這時(shí)不能用happen代替。
I‘m afraid that this would occur during my absence.
Something unexpected occurred/happened.
Dose it ever occur to you that I am sometimes thinking?
happen常指具體事件的發(fā)生，特別指那些偶然的或未能預(yù)見(jiàn)的“發(fā)生”。既可指愉快的事，也可指不愉快的事。�？杀硎尽芭銮�；恰好”之意。如：
New things are happening all around us.
It happened that I had no money on me.
take place通常指“（某事）按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或按計(jì)劃發(fā)生�！贝送膺�有“舉行”之意。如：
Great changes have taken place in China since
The meeting will take place next Friday.
10. merely, only
〖明晰〗兩者都可以作副詞，表示“僅僅，只不過(guò)”之意，但only還可作形容詞，表示“唯一的”，merely的形容詞形式為mere。如：
It it merely/only a matter of time.
I merely/only asked what her name was.。
It is a mere suggestion.
It is an only suggestion.
11. big, large, great, huge, vast
上述形容詞都表示“大”，但側(cè)重點(diǎn)及程度不同。
+〖明晰〗big指具體事物的大小，強(qiáng)調(diào)比正常形體的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大，既可用在普通場(chǎng)合， 也可用在正式場(chǎng)合。它可用來(lái)指人的身材高大或“長(zhǎng)大了”，還可表示“偉大”，“重要”之意。如：
Can you lift up this big stone?
Don’t be so easily frightened, you are a big boy now.
On the last day I made a big decision.
large特別強(qiáng)調(diào)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的大，指體積、面積、容積、數(shù)量之大。如：
A whale is a large animal.
A large crowd collected at the gate of the theatre.
This coat is too large for me.
great除了表示數(shù)量體積之大外，又指抽象的程度，意味著偉大性，重要性， 優(yōu)越性；常用于抽象或無(wú)形的東西；用于有形的東西時(shí)，常帶有“偉大”，“大得令人吃驚”等意思，含有一定的感情色彩。如：
China is a great country with a long history. 中
He was one of the greatest scientists .
huge指體積大得難以用普通的方法計(jì)量。可指具體的實(shí)物，也可指抽象的事物。如：
Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the Nor. Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted a lookout.啟航四天后，泰坦尼克號(hào)在穿越大西洋多冰的海域時(shí)，了望員突然發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)巨大的冰山。
The meeting was a huge success.
vast指幅員遼闊或范圍廣大，著重在面積上，而不在體積上。如：
The countryside is a vast world.
How vast China is!
12. different, various
二者都可表示“不同的”這一意義。但在用法及確切的含義上不一樣。
different多用來(lái)指表面或狀態(tài)的不同，可作定語(yǔ)，也可作表語(yǔ)，作定語(yǔ)時(shí)， 可接單數(shù)名詞，也可接復(fù)數(shù)名詞。如：
He is a different man from what he was ten years ago.
They came from different parts of the country.
various指同一范疇內(nèi)的不同種類，著重于種類的“眾多”或“多種多樣”， 可作表語(yǔ)，也可作定語(yǔ)。作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其后只能接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，有時(shí)可和different 換用。如：
There are various types of bicycles in the market.
His reasons for leaving were many and various.
Advanced workers from various/different parts of the country have arrived in Beijing.